Esp32 malloc example t. c与hea 因此，当启用片外 RAM 时，任何与 DMA 结合使用的 buffer 必须使用 heap_caps_malloc(size, MALLOC_CAP_DMA | MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL) 进行分配，之后调用标准的 free() 来释放。注意，尽管 ESP32-S2 具有与外部 RAM 进行 DMA 传输的硬件支持，但在 ESP-IDF 中，尚未提供软件支持。 Jun 14, 2017 · Espressif ESP32 Official Forum. println() function. ) Clearly the heap size is big enough. With the way I have it setup this will come from the internal RAM. , some buffer), you can just use C stdlib malloc. Equivalent semantics to libc malloc(), for capability-aware memory. For more information see: Jun 4, 2024 · About Us. For example if you're trying to malloc 8 KB but the largest available chunk is only 4 KB. freertos. Aug 2, 2024 · Espressif ESP32 Official Forum. Official development framework for Espressif SoCs. Here's an example that shows how to use a custom allocator to create a std:vector array in psram. internal memory accessible at 1-byte granularity with no alignment restrictions. If the sample value is not 0, -1, or 1, it is considered a valid audio sample, and the code inside the if block will be executed. Jan 22, 2021 · If you need to allocate some general object (e. Simple example Zephyr WiFi code is targeted for the ESP32 and ESP32C3, although it should be platform-agnostic. My question is: Why cant I access an element for example in my uint16_t dynamically allocated array by foo[k]. If a certain memory structure is only addressed in 32-bit units, for example an array of ints or pointers, it can be useful to allocate it with the MALLOC_CAP_32BIT flag. However, you can add additional storage in the form of external PSRAM - additional RAM that is accessed via SPI. 0-rc1\components\heap下，可以简单的认为分为两层：heap_caps_init. There we find other functions we haven’t covered in this post: bool psramFound(); void *ps_malloc(size_t size); void *ps_calloc(size_t n, size_t size); void *ps_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size); Mar 31, 2019 · Hi, I am trying to allocate some memory from spiram, but heap_caps_malloc() is returning null. ” Dec 17, 2017 · The objective of this post is to explain how to obtain and print the ESP32 free heap, using the Arduino core. Apr 19, 2022 · malloc(153600) returns NULL; I wrote a little loop which decrements by one and retries to malloc. - espressif/esp-idf For instance, the standard malloc() implementation internally allocates memory via heap_caps_malloc(size, MALLOC_CAP_8BIT) in order to get data memory that is byte-addressable. 有关堆内存分配器的基本信息，请参阅 堆内存分配 。 Oct 9, 2019 · If you like to know more about PSRAM then the esp32-hal-psram. size – Size, in bytes, of the amount of memory to allocate . However, because the address space for external memory is limited in size, only the first 4MiB can be used as such. Allow . html for example, 例如，内部分配内存的常规 malloc 代码使用 `pvPortMallocCaps(size, MALLOC_CAP_8BIT)` ，这样就可以以字节为单位获取内存数据。 因为 malloc 也是使用的这个分配系统，所以使用 pvPortMallocCaps 分配的内存也可以通过调用标准函数 `free()` 进行释放。 一. , DMA capable), then you'll need to call heap_caps_malloc() and specify the capability. These can help track down memory-related bugs. 有关堆内存分配器的基本信息，请参阅 堆内存分配 。 ESP32 使用多种类型的 RAM，因此具备不同属性的堆，即基于属性的内存分配器允许应用程序按不同目的进行堆分配。 多数情况下，可直接使用 C 标准函数库中的 malloc() 和 free() 函数实现堆分配。为充分利用各种内存类型及其特性，ESP-IDF 还具有基于内存属性的堆 To allocate memory from external RAM, a program should call heap_caps_malloc(size, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM). Jun 19, 2018 · ESP32でも同じように使えますが、こちらの本家の解説を見ると、heap_caps_malloc()という関数で、より細かいオプションを指定可能なようです。 ここでちょっと調べたのが「MALLOC_CAP_8BIT」と「MALLOC_CAP_32BIT」の使い分け。 To allocate memory from external RAM, a program should call heap_caps_malloc(size, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM). Would you please clarify from your end as well? Dec 1, 2015 · The ESP32 does have a facility where you can use external SPI SRAM as 'real' memory (you can malloc() a chunk of it and it essentially works the same as internal memory) but the current chip revision has a bug causing some reads of it to act up. 启用此选项后，片外存储器将被添加到内存分配程序（与上一选项相同），同时也将被添加到由标准 malloc() 返回的 RAM 中。 Apr 14, 2023 · The if statement checks the value of the sample variable. 0-dev-207-g76da10a66 Build System: Make Compiler version : xtensa-esp32-elf- Operating System: Ubuntu 18. e. ESP-IDF integrates tools for requesting heap information, detecting heap corruption, and tracing memory leaks. Jun 5, 2022 · One possible issue that can occur with malloc/free is that the ESP32 has 3 memory stacks for core0 and core1. We're preparing a new revision with that bug fixed, it should be on the market in two to three months. * in practical applications, especially when the application extensively uses `malloc()` to dynamically allocate * a significant number of memory blocks. After digging into the code, I've noticed they make an intensive usage of malloc and free, both in the examples and in the SDK itself. The frequent interrupt disabling may potentially lead to issues with other functionalities. it seems to be around the 4KB mark (45 x 45 pixel of 2 bytes per pixel esprite). I'm not sure When calling malloc(), the ESP-IDF malloc() internally calls heap_caps_malloc_default(size). DRAM) may succeed thus not causing any problems. The first time it works is malloc(126888) so this seems to be the maximum buffer I can get. Dec 16, 2024 · Hi All, I hope someone can help me. Now, the very first entry mismatches when I read it back. Hello, I'm running a 7-inch Display with an ESP32-S3 and LVGL. Heap used by first mutex 84. A capabilities-based memory allocator allows apps to make heap allocations for different purposes. Jul 26, 2018 · I am struggling with data allocation for LCD buffer which is 640x480/16bit or 320x240/16. bss Segment to Be Placed in External Memory. What's the problem ? In chip esp32-s3 is possible allocate dma memory from spiram !!! Dec 23, 2022 · Knowledge of pointers and dynamic allocation functions like malloc() or calloc() is a plus, but the proposed examples are sufficient on their own to use PSRAM in electronic projects. I have the line of code below that I have scavenged from a sketch I know Oct 12, 2021 · Two almost the same pieces of code with malloc/calloc, both are without free allocated memory. Heap Memory Debugging . I have found lots of information describing when and not to use them and the pros and cons of use as well. Feb 9, 2019 · Hi, I am using latest ESP32 IDF version=3. ; ESP-IDF provides an API to get minimum free heap or dynamic memory available in system using heap_caps_get_minimum_free_size(). This can help to use all the available memory in the ESP32. Because ESP32-S3 uses multiple types of RAM, it also contains multiple heaps with different capabilities. Mar 6, 2025 · Dynamic memory allocation in C allows for flexible memory management at runtime using functions like malloc(), calloc(), free(), and realloc(), addressing issues related to fixed-size arrays and memory wastage. E. Nov 19, 2022 · Hi, I have ESP32-WROVER module which has 4MB PSRAM, but can't figure out how to use it. Feb 1, 2021 · Decently sure it's the compiler being smart enough to see that the memory is never used and as such doesn't need to be actually allocated, so it probably removes the references to malloc() while compiling. ini” file doesn’t allow to use 2 mb psram when compiling the project. Integrate RAM into the ESP32-S3 Memory Map Jul 1, 2021 · When PSRAM is not enabled, it will be MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL | MALLOC_CAP_8BIT — i. Not all memory is MALLOC_CAP_DMA and MALLOC_CAP_8BIT, so it isn't "reserved" but it can't do those things. But I have found no explanation of there syntax. Espressif IoT Development Framework. 概述 . Overview . The tests of this ESP32 tutorial were performed using a DFRobot’s ESP-WROOM-32 device integrated in a ESP32 FireBeetle board. Feb 1, 2021 · Espressif ESP32 Official Forum. A pointer to the memory allocated on success, NULL on failure . I can allocate my draw buffer like this and it works, but the display flickers. After use, this memory can be freed by calling the normal free() function. For general information about the heap memory allocator, see the Heap Memory Allocation page. We are looking to use the ESP32 in a product and this all started becuase we need to send TFT sprites to SRAM however there seems to be a size limit on variables sent to SRAM when you have PSRAM enabled on a wrover. Because malloc() uses the capabilities-based allocation system, memory allocated using :cpp:func:`heap_caps_malloc` can be freed by calling the standard free 堆内存调试 . getFreePsram() , ps_malloc() ou ps_calloc() et free() . Allocate a chunk of memory which has the given capabilities. I wonder if I can use memset to initialize this arrays because according the documentation, memory allocated with MALLOC_CAP_32BIT needs to be accessed in 32bits words. malloc is not aware of the memory stack division of the ESP32. About Us. Jun 1, 2020 · The developer resources in just one place! We will be taking subscribe_publish example from ESP-AWS-IoT here as case study to analyse memory utilisation. I did write and use something to load functions to IRAM and execute them and it worked but it had more limitations than perhaps the elf loader mentioned by WiFive. /* Hello World Example This example code is in the Public Domain Apr 30, 2021 · So, I reduced the size to 10000. Alternatively, you can ask the ESP32 to include external RAM into the classic malloc() function so that a program can use both RAMs without modification. I’ve encountered a problem that changing the “platformio. Yes I know i am using external SPI PSRAM. This may or may not indicate a problem: heap_caps_malloc_prefer() may try multiple allocations which may fail until one succeeds. Save recorded sound to microSD card May 29, 2018 · I think your problem is reading 8 bit char from IRAM which requires 32 bit access. I'm using ESP-IDF v4. 在 CONFIG_SPIRAM_USE 中选择 “Make RAM allocatable using malloc() as well” 选项，该选项为默认选项。. You cannot extend the heap on the ESP32. Additionnally, for example, how can I make sure that the iot module actually allocate the TLS from the PSRAM? Overview¶. Option 2: Somebody seemed to have this same issue and says it was solved by Apr 19, 2022 · malloc(153600) returns NULL; I wrote a little loop which decrements by one and retries to malloc. I went looking for an example of using the QuadSPI on the ESP32S2 in slave mode and couldn't find one. I'm using pvPortMallocCaps with MALLOC_CAP_32BIT to get memory for two big int arrays. 2. ESP-IDF integrates tools for requesting heap information, heap corruption detection, and heap tracing. Unlike Linux which has virtual memory, there's nothing to extend it with. Heap free'd after deleting just first mutex 80. 参数. noinit Segment to Be Placed in External Memory. I just have to replace line 25 of my "capture_handler" function with: void * heap_caps_malloc (size_t size, uint32_t caps) . Would you please clarify from your end as well? Mar 24, 2018 · 第一个示例获取执行代码区的总大小。esp32. For dynamically allocated arrays, with element sizes greater than a byte, one can only access by: foo[sizeof(*foo)*k] from the sample code. Jul 14, 2022 · 启用上述选项后，片外 RAM 被映射到地址 0x3D000000，并将这个区域添加到携带 MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM 标志的 堆内存分配器 。 程序如果想从片外存储器分配存储空间，则需要调用 heap_caps_malloc(size, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM)，之后可以调用 free() 函数释放这部分存储空间。 Integrate RAM into the ESP32-S3 Memory Map. You probably don’t need SpiRamAllocator if you updated the Arduino core; see below. Because malloc uses this allocation system as well, memory allocated using heap_caps_malloc() can be freed by calling the standard free() function. 代码说明： 这里使用 heap_caps_malloc 函数分别为 buf1 和 buf2 分配了内存空间。 每个内存块的大小为 EXAMPLE_LCD_H_RES * 20 * sizeof(lv_color_t) 字节，EXAMPLE_LCD_H_RES 表示 LCD 面板的水平分辨率。 You don’t need to do anything else. This is the default option. My understanding is that MALLOC_CAP_32BIT allocates storage from the heap aligned to 32bit boundaries. ESP_Sprite Posts: Its on my ESP32-S3 board. Connects to a WiFi network, obtains an IPv4 address via DHCP and disconnects after 30 seconds. Heap used by second mutex 84. Parameters Nov 17, 2017 · if you understand mutexes, the malloc() issue becomes pretty simple. Mar 31, 2022 · Espressif ESP32 Official Forum. ESP32 使用多种类型的 RAM，因此具备不同属性的堆，即基于属性的内存分配器允许应用程序按不同目的进行堆分配。 多数情况下，可直接使用 C 标准函数库中的 malloc() 和 free() 函数实现堆分配。为充分利用各种内存类型及其特性，ESP-IDF 还具有基于内存属性的堆 Feb 16, 2022 · I tried with heap_caps_malloc but it dont work. Provide External RAM via malloc() (default) Allow . Edit: Seems the compiler can do that, see here; note that the two malloc() lines don't have any output in the assembly window. Question - what is the maximum memory chunk I can allocate on ESP? Feb 16, 2022 · Code: Select all I (688) spiram: Reserving pool of 32K of internal memory for DMA/internal allocations I (688) example: free size (psram):2094735 I (698) example bar[j] as well as bar[sizeof(*bar)*k] from the sample code. 04 Power Supply: USB Problem Desc Jul 11, 2019 · Here discussion about malloc and free threadsafe w. Jul 17, 2019 · This tutorial shows how to use the on-board display on the ESP32-WROVER board. For most purposes, the C Standard Library's malloc() and free() functions can be used for heap allocation without any special consideration Jun 13, 2022 · 概要ESP32でPSRAMを有効にすると、外部ライブラリなどで意図しないデータがPSRAMに配置されて性能劣化することがあると思います。そのため、なるべく外部ライブラリなどに影響なくPSRAMの割り振りを制御する方法を検証してみました。PS 嵌入式系统运行时的内存情况是非常值得关注的。本文档用于分析乐鑫ESP32 SDK(版本esp-idf-v3. Is there a special malloc() function that only allocates PSRAM? Thank you! My next question will be how to switch banks but that requires me to know how to allocate first May 23, 2019 · Environment Module or chip used: ESP32-WROOM-32, Chip is ESP32D0WDQ6 (revision 1) IDF version : v4. The compiler sees only 320kb of internal psram (log: “Advanced Memory Usage is available via “PlatformIO Home > Project Inspect” RAM Because ESP32-C3 uses multiple types of RAM, it also contains multiple heaps with different capabilities. Nov 29, 2018 · Code: Select all Starting up Heap free at start 286244. Oct 3, 2019 · Also, how do I malloc from external PSRAM? I know there is a threshold but I wish to allocate only a couple hundred bytes and don't wish to change the threshold. Execute In Place (XiP) from PSRAM. So, I have also heard that malloc and free are not threadsafe for normal execution except ISR. If PSRAM is enabled, and malloc is configured to also use PSRAM, then MALLOC_CAP_DEFAULT will also include external memory into the calculation. Feb 11, 2022 · -DCONFIG_SPIRAM_CACHE_WORKAROUND=1: and this is similar to the first point (so probably is redundant with -mfix-esp32-psram-cache-issue); How can I make sure that each and every above flag is taken into account. 4+adf master 用到语音识别和blufi，启动时blufi时，把BT_INIT: Malloc failed Sep 6, 2023 · Problem: When you try to run a LVGL example such as ST7735R minimal LVGL chart example for PlatformIO on the ESP32, your MCU repeatedly crashes after init (see below for the full crash log) during lv_tlsf_create() which is called inside lv_mem_init() Aug 30, 2022 · Hi all! Re-soldered the “ESP32-S2-Saola-1” board and replaced the “S2 wroom” on it with “S2 wrover”. Mar 31, 2019 · They're more or less equivalent; only difference is that calloc clears the memory to 0. g. Top. Oct 25, 2022 · Espressif ESP32 Official Forum. I've just realised that messages I queue in the MQTT outbox are duplicated in a buffer allocated from a standard malloc call. Return. Provide External RAM via malloc() Select this option by choosing Make RAM allocatable using malloc() as well from CONFIG_SPIRAM_USE. Because ESP32-C3 uses multiple types of RAM, it also contains multiple heaps with different capabilities. Because ESP32 uses multiple types of RAM, it also contains multiple heaps with different capabilities. Dec 13, 2021 · Espressif ESP32 Official Forum. For example, if one called it 5 times allocating 1 byte, then the 20 bytes would be taken from the heap. if PSRAM is preferred but no external RAM is present, the first attempt (PSRAM) will always fail, but the next attempt (e. 4. Because this chip uses a technology known as Pseudostatic RAM (PSRAM), we often use the name “PSRAM” when we should really say “External SPI RAM. For most purposes, the standard libc malloc() and free() functions can be used for heap allocation without any special consideration. 返回 Oct 8, 2018 · Can the memory management functions like malloc, free, be called by the 2 cores of the ESP32 in a transparent way without causing any problems with ESP-IDF? Should we manage a semaphore? In general, is the management of resources by FreeRtos / ESP-IDF valid for managing a critical exclusion between cores? May 13, 2022 · for ESP32 IDF4. Espressif Systems is a fabless semiconductor company providing cutting-edge low power WiFi SoCs and wireless solutions for wireless communications and Internet of Things applications. c file from the ESP32/Arduino platform is an interesting source. ISR and question is about to tasks. If you want something dynamic, without having to roll your own, I'd suggest looking at the standard libraries. I just have to use the malloc variant (ps_malloc) to save _rgb888_buff in the psram. Add External RAM to the Capability Allocator. When a thread tries to malloc() something, the memory allocation code first grabs the mutex, then finds a chunk of suitable memory to use, marks this memory as used and updates all memory allocation internal data to reflect this, then returns the mutex. If you need to allocate memory with a specific capability (e. As the other poster suggests, using a pre-allocated pool of buffers would be better. esp-idf 集成了用于请求 堆内存信息 、 堆内存损坏检测 和 堆内存跟踪 的工具，有助于跟踪内存相关错误。. Again, you don't need the aligned_*: according to posix specifications (for malloc, which heap_caps_malloc and friends also follow), the allocator always hands out memory aligned to the native word size of the CPU, which is 32-bit in the case of an ESP32. 调用 malloc() 分配片外 RAM¶. HEAP_EXEC的可执行堆内存可以用于在ESP32模块上运行MicroPython的原生代码发射器（native code emitter），该功能可以将Python字节码转换为机器码，并在IRAM中执行，从而提高代码的性能。 Nov 13, 2019 · Long story short, you can't have real native 2D arrays on ESP32 without rewriting all the code that uses array [ a ][ b ] and without "4) Using double pointer and one malloc call" from How to dynamically allocate a 2D array in C? - GeeksforGeeks Hi, I've just ordered an ESP32 and started playing around with it using Espressif's SDK. The main functions to be used are the following psramInit() , ESP. 主控1 和主控2之间espnow通信，附近只有这两个设备，主控1 广播，主控2 堆内存调试 . . Alternative solution. such as fragmentation (con) or dynamic memory allocation within a function (pro). The tests of this tutorial were performed using a DFRobot’s ESP-WROOM-32 device integrated in a ESP32 FireBeetle board. For most purposes, the C Standard Library's malloc() and free() functions can be used for heap allocation without any special consideration void *heap_caps_malloc (size_t size, uint32_t caps) ¶ Allocate a chunk of memory which has the given capabilities. 1主要函数接口ESP32的SDK对于heap部分管理的源码位于路径\esp-idf-v3. It's possible that you're trying to malloc a chunk that is too large for the available heap. 3 In my source code I was calling heap_caps_malloc() to allocate memory As I have enabled External ram to allocate memory In my case heap_caps_malloc() called successfully but failed to allocate the memory FYI, Heap memory was still available HEAP SIZE : 74291 bytes Jun 4, 2024 · Espressif ESP32 Official Forum. For most purposes, the C Standard Library's malloc() and free() functions can be used for heap allocation without any special consideration Apr 4, 2023 · Chip model: ESP32-D0WDQ5, 240MHZ, 2 cores Free heap: 340424/365484 118772 max block Free PSRAM: 4192139/4192139 4128756 max block 4241 CORRUPT HEAP: Bad tail at 0x3f8f4ab4. This also allows the allocator to give out IRAM memory; something which it can’t do for a normal malloc() call. When I use 10000, it gets guru meditation and that's all for that run. r. I am also tried with default example provided into default config file. Feb 13, 2018 · In this tutorial, we will check how to use variable length arrays on the Arduino core running on the ESP32. For most purposes, the C Standard Library's malloc() and free() functions can be used for heap allocation without any special consideration Sep 10, 2018 · I have configured it to 80 Mhz and I selected the heap_caps_malloc(, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM) type allocation in menuconfig. Because ESP32 uses multiple types of RAM, it also contains multiple heaps with different capabilities. c:253 (head != NULL) We benefit hugely from resources on the web so we decided we should try and give back some of our knowledge and resources to the community by opening up many of our company’s internal notes and libraries through mini sites like this. Here discussion about malloc and free threadsafe w. Now that I've educated myself on these intricacies, it's pretty easy to fix that actually. Total heap: 363876 Free heap: 338836 Total PSRAM: 4192139 Free PSRAM: 4192139 Option 1: If I declare array (in psram) globally, I get core dump when calling array in loop(). ESP_Sprite Posts: Sample Code Discussion Forum In theory, any SPI memory chip could be used, but in practice, it’s always the same: the ESP-PSRAM32. May 19, 2022 · Board ESP32 DEV MOUDLE Device Description In the arduino environment, I can't seem to request more than 120k bytes of memory space using the malloc function, either using the malloc function, the heap_caps_malloc function or the c++ styl Sep 18, 2016 · Hi, I've been looking into "malloc" and "free" thinking of using them in a project. Jun 1, 2022 · About Us. org/xQueueSendToBack. The example below shows how to define the allocation and free function hooks: Run GDB using xtensa-esp32-elf-gdb-x gdbinit </path/to Set MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL Oct 25, 2018 · Espressif ESP32 Official Forum. In this case, the sample value is printed to the serial console using the Serial. May 11, 2022 · If you want more control over where that is allocated, you will need to ps_malloc and then free the data yourself when you are done with it. This will allocate memory with the capability MALLOC_CAP_DEFAULT, which is byte-addressable. 硬件 :esp32-s3 krovo v3 idf V4. 0. Jan 14, 2023 · ESP32 minimal heap_caps_print_heap_info() example (PlatformIO/Arduino) On the ESP32, you can use heap_caps_print_heap_info() to print information to the serial port about how much memory is free on the heap (plus other details such as the largest free block). Dec 16, 2022 · I have an application I am developing for a commercial project that uses an ESP32 with SPI PSRAM. Mar 20, 2018 · On this system the largest free block is 169724 bytes and it would be possible to successfully invoke malloc to allocate this amount of memory. Expected 0xbaad5678 got 0x0e670e66 assert failed: multi_heap_free multi_heap_poisoning. Where k is the running loop variable. 2 allocations trace (10 entry buffer) 80 bytes (@ 0x3ffb98f4) allocated CPU 0 ccount 0x0518e10c caller 0x40087b06:0x40087d5b freed by 0x400881f7:0x400e1878 80 bytes (@ 0x3ffb9948) allocated CPU 0 ccount 0x051f3ca4 caller Mar 11, 2021 · Since I am using the AI-Thinker ESP32-Cam and have psram memory associated with it. Feb 11, 2022 · You're using an ESP32, which is a small CPU that has a small amount of RAM, roughly 400KB. Core0 has its own memory stack, core1 has its own memory stack and both cores have a shared memory stack. Sep 27, 2018 · You could then push the item onto the queue using xQueueSendToBack() see http://www. In IDF, malloc(p) is equivalent to heap_caps_malloc(p, MALLOC_CAP_8BIT). We will clone a basic LCD example project from the ESP-IDF, show the role of different components of the sample and modify it to continuously download a JPG picture from an arbitrary online URL and display it on the screen. The ESP32 can access external SPI RAM transparently, so you can use it as normal memory in your program code. Guru Meditation Error: Core 1 panic'ed (StoreProhibited). 0-rc1) Heap (堆内存)管理的实现。1:Heap管理主要函数接口与数据结构 1. If you call heap_caps_print_heap_info on your system directly before calling malloc it will display the amount of free memory available. (I tried it with different boards; one from eBay and one from a genuine distributor - no differences. That causes it to fail in a different way. Apr 23, 2017 · Hello, I ported lame (libmp3lame) mp3 encode to esp32. This will just allocate memory with default capabilities. 1 When my application booting, It can initialize spiral successful and the test passed: I (432) psram: This chip is ESP32-D0WD I (434) spiram: Found 64MBit SPI RAM device Mar 23, 2018 · Ive been horribly wrong in a lot of my posts recently but, undeterred in flaunting my ignorance my answer would be "sure that works fine". caps – Bitwise OR of MALLOC_CAP_* flags indicating the type of memory to be returned. fwn vry rphavi ahiyd lbjr tfjuydp idygud myr ymfa xatmj jspa vgw cusav zxk nfyuta