Earthing vs grounding vs neutral g. Also visible the thick wires in standard colors (two yellow/green ground and two blue neutral), as well as markings PEN (protected earth and neutral), PE (protective earth) and N (neutral). It also includes connecting electrical equipment and appliances to the electrical source. Installation and maintanence program is needed to have a good power quality. 5020 Frame or chassis: To defend equipment against conducted and radiated RF disturbance also called The “Earth Ground. Difference between Earthing and Grounding. Purpose of of Earthing and Grounding; Earthing is used for the safety of the personnel operating the electric device, whereas grounding is used for protecting the power system. Earthing is the connection of electrical installations to the ground to provide a path for fault currents and protect against electrical Nov 10, 2020 · Earth Ground refers to a direct, physical connection to earth, or an electrically neutral body. A neutral wire is always charged: It cannot be turned into neutral: It can be turned into earth: It can come from a neutral line or can be separately executed: It comes from a neutral line: Earth is the surging point of appliances: Neutral is the return path of the electrical current supply. 53, 250. For example neutral of power transformer. Additional letters S The Protective Conductor (PE) and Neutral Conductor (N) are two different and separate conductors (S = Split). Grounding is primarily used for unbalancing when the electric system overloads. Feb 14, 2020 · The lightning installation can be separate or connected with protective earthing (grounding). Terminal or busbar which is part of the earthing arrangement of an installation and While earthing and grounding share the common goal of connecting electrical systems to the ground, they differ in their primary objectives and applications. Another key difference between earthing and grounding is [citation needed] The combined neutral and earth occurs between the nearest transformer substation and the service cut out (the fuse before the meter). 5)Earthing: It is a British term. After this, separate earth and neutral cores are used in all the internal wiring. Jul 6, 2016 · Resistance grounding is when you have a connection between your neutral line and the ground through a resistor. For instance, TT- is mainly for consumer power supplies. It has 3 types solid, resistance, and reactacne; The wire used for the ground is black; It connected between neutral generator and the power transformer; Earthing. 5kV – 13. This can be achieved with a copper rod hammered into the soil or a connection to a water pipe (ideally copper). Why neutral is Nov 19, 2024 · Aircraft are equipped with specific grounding points where cables can be attached to ground the plane safely. The neutral grounding stabilizes the neutral point. After understanding the idea of grounding and neutral, we can say that a neutral wire acts as a return pathway for AC, while the ground functions as a low-impedance pathway for “grounding” fault current. What is grounding. Grounding involves connecting electrical equipment to the ground to prevent electrical shock and ensure proper functioning. Sep 16, 2019 · Neutral vs Ground - Difference between Earthing and NeutralThe Neutral and Ground are generally connected together at your service panel, not at your devices Dec 11, 2024 · Earthing VS Grounding : Earthing: Grounding: This method protects human beings from electric shocks. This method protects the entire power system from malfunctioning. NEC 2008 states that the neutral and ground wires should be “bonded” together at the main panel (only) to the grounding rod. A hunk of copper is visible that is designed to be easily connected or disconnected from its place between two screws, rated for 600 A (as stamped on it). The grounding protects the device and increases service dependability. Jan 24, 2025 · Earthing and bonding are two very different, but often confused, methods of preventing electric shock. In the event of a short circuit or a ground fault, where a live wire comes into contact with a conductive surface, the ground provides a low-resistance path Note: As the terms Earthing and Grounding are used interchangeably, we will use both in the context of NEC and IEC for better understanding. In above figure, the top right terminal is neutral, whereas the central bottom terminal is ground terminal, and the rod serves as ground. Ground acts as a low resistance path for fault current to flow to ground. As shown in the figure, during the phase to earth fault condition, the fault current can pass to the earthing of neutral. ” Dec 20, 2018 · Earth, Ground and Neutral all three are similar to each other but often confused or referred one as other. In Norway the IT system with 230 V between the phases is quite extensively used. But, depending on age and location of the system this can also be a copper plate or copper strip buried in the ground, or the water mains or water pipes in a house. Jul 2, 2018 · Continued from Types of neutral earthing in power distribution (part 1). Low resistance grounding is done by connecting the neutral to the ground through a low resistance. Nov 10, 2023 · Earthing refers to the process of connecting an electrical conductor, such as a wire or cable, to the ground. Electrical earth or ground is a reference point by connecting to which it is ensured that the other point on the system stays at a potential with reference to the ground. Grounding: It is a phrase from the United States. 8Earthing Conductor. In sold grounding system the neutral wire is connected Apr 15, 2022 · Earthing is used for the connection of the neutral wire to the ground in AC circuit. 5. In neutral grounding system, the neutral of the system or rotating system or transformer is connected to the ground. Apr 25, 2024 · 541. Safety: Grounding/earthing prevents electrical shock hazards by directing excess current safely into the ground. Earthing: Learn the key differences between grounding and earthing, two terms that are often confused in electrical engineering. Earthing, synonymous with grounding in some regions, involves creating a direct connection between electrical systems and the Earth. Comparison Of Neutral Earthing Methods Methods Of Neutral Earthing (Index) There are several methods for system earthing which can be generally divided into: 1. I ~assume~ that in an AC circuit, positive correlates to positive, neutral to negative, and ground to ground. Both ground and neutral wires play a indispensable role in assuring the safety of an electrical system, but there is a major difference between their uses in an electrical system. Equipment grounding is to electrically interconnect or to ‘bond’ the non-current carrying conductive parts of equipment together and to the earth. 52(A), 250. Difference between grounding and earthing in Definition. The earthing system in the infra structure, represent the less cost compare with the damage cause the people and infra- structure without that system. Earthing vs Grounding🌐 Welcome to our channel! In today's video, we delve into the intriguing topic of Earthing vs Grounding – two terms often used intercha In the UK and Europe, the equivalent term is earthing. In "Grounding", the circuit is not physically linked to the ground, but its potential is zero in comparison to other areas. Jan 1, 2009 · Bonding/Grounding vs. Follow the local area codes such as NEC 250. Figure 3 shows an earth grounding wire attached to a power pole. Jun 21, 2022 · If you use ground or the earth as a current return path, the ground will always have some resistance, which will be added to the load, resulting in a voltage drop across the ground. Solid vs. are kept at the same potential as earth ground. By earthing of neutral, it can protect the system during the phase to the earth fault condition. What are the facts and what are the myths? How can I tell if I need to ground something to earth vs. Earthing is defined so that a point of the plant relating to the circuit connects to the earth. In this respect, grounding is a safety measure that connects electrical circuits or equipment to a reference point to ensure safety, prevent A common usage of “earthing” is to direct lightning strikes into the earth via lighting rods on the highest point of any physical property. Simplified design of earth fault protection. By connecting a ground wire in your system to “earth”, whether it be directed to an artificial ground or natural ground, you are providing a path for extraneous current. Feb 5, 2024 · This exploration into Earthing vs Grounding delves into the fundamental aspects of earthing, unraveling its significance and illuminating its role in establishing a robust safety net. System grounding is the deliberate connection to earth of a phase or neutral conductor to control voltage stress and voltage hazards (touch or step voltages) to within safe limits. As a preface to the subject of system grounding, a close look at all . I then protect both the + and -dc using bridges back to the ac incase of ac being inadvertantly reintroduced to dc unprotected by ground/earth. What is earthing? In aviation, earthing is essentially grounding the aircraft to the Earth during ground operations. In the case of Jan 28, 2022 · Earthing the ground further equalizes the home's electrical system so that, for safety, the neutral and ground of the electrical system and all metal pipes (water/gas), roofs etc. What is Electrical earthing. The principal of earthing is to limit the duration of touch voltages if you were to make contact with an exposed conductive part. With the help of grounding, accidents are prevented that are caused by currents. It is usually White or Grey in color. Oct 29, 2024 · In a transformer system, difference between neutral and earth conductor is connected to the transformer’s enclosure or neutral point to ensure that any leakage currents due to faults or unforeseen circumstances can be safely introduced into the ground vs neutral wire via the earth conductor. Grounding. N The exposed conductive parts e. The neutral part of the supply system is connected to the Earth(which has zero potential). it controls the electrical shock and reduces the Earthing/ grounding. 541. Our un Jan 7, 2025 · Don’t forget that the choice of the neutral earthing system has a direct effect on the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the installation, so that will be covered too. Table of contents: Characteristics of neutral earthing systems. 2. The exact output from the source cannot be acquired due to the ground resistance . But in grounding the current-carrying part of the circuit is connected with the ground. the electrical parameters in the following example will illustrate the effect grounding has on current and voltage under “bolted Queries solved:1. The neutral points of transformers, generators and rotating machinery to the earth ground network provides a reference point of zero volts. Grounding, also known as Bonding, is the term commonly used for earthing in North American standards such as IEEE, NEC, ANSI, and UL, while Earthing is the term used in European, Commonwealth countries, and British standards such as IS and IEC. Sep 4, 2024 · Grounding or earthing an electrical system is the process of connecting all metalwork/frame of electrical equipment i. Comparison table INSULATED NEUTRAL SYSTEM (No Intentional Earthing) The 1. 5017 Earth (ground): To represent an earth (ground) terminal in general, in case more specific grounding symbols such as 5018 or 5019 are not used. the UPS chassis are connected directly to earth at the main earthing point (N = Neutral). The bonding system is then connected to the substation grounding network via a parallel grounding conductor to an earthing busbar. Hot wires are red, black, or another color, while neutral wires are white. Neutral reference to ground is only and only at one point and by chance, both neutral and earth wire get connected to each other, the aforementioned earth loop will be created. Places that rely on good earth (telephone exchanges, radio stations, power stations) often bury large pieces of copper mesh or copper plates. This helps in keeping the earth and neutral in the same potential and protects against dangerous transient voltages in neutral. What is earthing. Jan 30, 2023 · Symbol of Grounding. Keep reading to know more! Find out the difference between earth and neutral below! Aug 4, 2021 · Myth 2: Earthing and grounding are different. Summary of Earthing vs. The best method to control overvoltages is effective, or solid, grounding. Nov 17, 2023 · Grounding is a wiring connection that provides a path for short circuit current to be sent to earth ground when a fault in the electrical power system occurs. Feb 21, 2024 · Implementation-wise, grounding involves connecting the neutral conductor of electrical systems to the ground, often through grounding electrodes and conductors. Similar to the earthing the grounding also has a symbol in a circuit. Sep 12, 2024 · Neutral acts as a return path for current to flow from load (appliance) to source (transformer). Sep 10, 2015 · To keep the neutral from floating, it is connected to the house's ground - there's a large metal conductor in the ground beneath the house that provides a real connection to the real ground. Impedance earthing through resistor, reactanse or arc-suppresion coil 4. Therefore, it can be concluded that the earthing and grounding are the same. Neutral is the return path for current flow in a single phase, two wire system (L-N). Jan 26, 2013 · Idi, I am working on a solar project and the transformer is three winding with burried delta and grounding resistor or reactor in the secondary. The earth creates a safe route for the current to flow instead of causing electric shock. What happens if neutral and ground are reversed? Reversing neutral and ground creates a dangerous situation where metal parts could become live, increasing the risk of shock. The main difference between earthing and grounding is that the earthing refers that the circuit is physically connected to the ground with Zero Volt Potential. Grounding provides a return path for leakage currents to protect equipment from damage during faults. Earthing and grounding are similar terms. The Issue of Polarity. Types of Grounding. This resistor is used to limit the fault current through your neutral line: if your voltage doesn't change, then your current is dependent on the size of the resistor according to Ohm's law (V=IR). Issues crop up when equipment bonding/grounding and earthing are confused. The purpose of Earthing is to minimize risk of receiving an electric shock if touching metal parts when a fault is present. When a malfunction occurs in the device, the power in all three phases becomes unbalanced. From a grounding perspective, the most common configurations for substation grounding to earth are as follows: • Radial- a string of grounding electrodes with connections to each device in the substation. 9 Main Earthing Terminal (main earthing busbar). No. Insulated earthing 2. The third prong on electrical outlets (see Figure 4) is physically connected to the earth. In contrast, bonding is defined as a connection between conductive parts designed to create a common electric potential. Grounding definition: What grounding means is the process by which the parts that carry electrical current, such as wires are directly connected to the earth. The definition of grounding by the National Electric Code (NEC): “A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth or to some body that serves in place of the earth. What is Neutral. Aug 4, 2014 · I always isolate my dc Psu 0v referance from my ac ground/earth to avoid any ac noise in the dc circuit. 1. Earthing focuses on safety, protecting against electrical faults and lightning strikes, while grounding emphasizes stability, reducing noise and ensuring proper functioning of electrical Grounding and earthing are terms used to refer to the connection of an electrical system or device to the Earth for safety purposes. Effective Grounding. Read: Why is one of the pins in a three-pin plug longer and thicker than the other pins? Summary: Difference between Neutral and ground. When we connect the neutral of a three-phase system, the neutral and the ground stays at the same potential whereas the phases stay at a potential with Feb 24, 2025 · Note: This post does not discuss signal ground, which is the third type of grounding typically confused with protective earth and frame grounding. Figure 4. Grounding connects the current-carrying parts of a circuit to ground, while earthing connects the non-current carrying parts. May 25, 2024 · From the outside, Green wires or green wires with a yellow stripe indicate a ground wire, while blue wires usually signify a neutral wire colour. This helps dissipate any built-up static charge. It is also called a reference point Jul 28, 2021 · Grounding: It connects the ground to the equipment's utilised neutral. Sep 3, 2024 · Measuring 3 volts between earth and neutral does indicate a problem somewhere, either in the connections between the house and the earthing rod, the bond between earth and neutral, an overloaded neutral wire that's carrying more current than it's rated to (some people erroneously undersize the neutral wire compared to live), or just corrosion When thinking about grounding, always know what the end goal is supposed to be. The main objective of earthing and grounding is to provide safety, protect against electrical hazards, and ensure proper functioning of electrical systems. com, May 20, 2020 The basic difference between grounding and earthing is that in grounding the conductor through which the current is flowing is connected with the ground while in earthing the conductor through which the current is not flowing is attached with the ground. It discharges fault currents to balance the system. Earthing connects exposed metal parts of equipment to ground to This connection between the neutral wire and ground wire is called bonding and is an important part of electrical safety. In residential codes, the neutral wire is always supposed to be grounded (connected to the ground wire). The wire used for grounding is black in colour: Earthing is primarily used to avoid shocking the humans. Earthing used for connection of conductive component and earth surface. Grounding is similar to Earth. Types •Neutral earthing: The neutral of the system is directly connected to the earth with the help of a GI wire This video explain complete difference between Neutral earthing and grounding. Types of grounding: Low resistance grounded system: Figure: 1 shows a low resistance grounded system and Figure: 2 shows 51G protection relay attached to the neutral of the system through a current transformer. It is denoted by the following. grounding problem in grounding systems 2, 3, or 4 will not effect its respective primary grounding system due to its primary delta windings. Apr 17, 2024 · Grounding or earthing is defined as the process of connecting the metallic frame or non-current carrying part of electrical equipment or some electrical part of the system such as the neutral point in a star-connected system, one conductor of the secondary of a transformer etc. 122, IEC/BS EN 62561-2 and IEC-62305-3, IEC 60364, BS-7671, BS 7430, IEEE 80 & associated tables and IEEE standards related to the grounding and earthing) The difference between earthing and grounding is that in "earthing", the circuit is physically connected to the ground, which has a zero-voltage potential (Earth). Still, these are having many differences. Jun 4, 2018 · This rod is connected to the ground terminal of the outlet, the metal body of the device and to the neutral. There are many neutral grounding options available for both Low and Medium voltage power systems. It's a failsafe method that protects pnp,npn,people and devices. Grounding involves establishing a physical wiring path that gives electricity a way to get to earth if there is a fault in the system. Jul 1, 2021 · Earth ground: The point where the grounding system will run to the planet. Nov 13, 2019 · You will also need to keep in mind how having a neutral reactor will change your earth fault currents if you are doing ground or neutral relaying. Transformer rating is 60MVA (138kV – 34. Jun 18, 2019 · Power poles, those that are strung throughout neighborhoods, are also connected to ground. Difference Between Earthing and Grounding Earthing Nov 12, 2023 · इस पोस्ट में हम बात करने वाले हैं Neutral, Earthing और Grounding के बारे में। आखिर यह तीनों क्या होते हैं, और इन तीनों में क्या-क्या अंतर होता है। % Jan 4, 2014 · After all investigation we found neutral not earthing to ground, neutral earthing with high resistance. to earth. Grounding connects the current carrying part to the ground, while earthing connects the non-current carrying part to the ground. In this section, we will express these cases. Or we can say earthing is the physical connection to the earth but the grounding Queries solved:1. 66 250. It is located between the neutral of the equipment being used and the ground. Because now the grounding system and neutral conductors are connected in parallel. This is typically done to provide a path for excess current to flow in the event of a short circuit or other electrical fault, which helps to prevent electrical fires and other dangerous situations. Credits: In Compliance Magazine. Jan 24, 2023 · The main difference between a neutral bar and a ground bar is that the neutral bar provides a path for the electrical current to return and ensure the loop is maintained, while a ground wire provides a path for the electrical current to go to earth. Earthing means the electrical circuit is connected to the Earth, which is zero volt potential Earth. Jul 2, 2018 · Importance of Neutral Grounding. For information about signal ground, please refer to this article, Ground rules: earth, chassis, and signal ground from Analog IC Tips. One of the key attributes of ground is its ability to carry fault currents. Apr 5, 2020 · Choosing an earthing scheme is not that direct; It is all about saving money vs provide a sufficient coverage against electric shock. It is typically connected to the earth through grounding electrodes, such as metal rods driven into the ground. 3. Oct 17, 2023 · What is the difference between earthing & grounding? Earthing is primarily used to avoid electric shocks. C The Protective Conductor (PE) and Neutral Conductor (N) are one common Earthing basics in Tamilhttps://youtu. This results in them carrying a current of equal magnitude. Earthing is located under the earth pit, between the equipment body and the underground pit. Grounding may be used to refer the connection to a reference point that has zero potential with respect to the other points in the circuit. Moreover IEEE/ANSI 315-1975. An earthing connects specific electrical installation parts with the earth surface which is mainly intended for safety purposes. be/WW348zftpC0Lightning arrester Working animation Feb 22, 2023 · Difference between grounding and earthing. There are several aspects that can be used to explain the difference between grounding and earthing. Solid earthing 3. May 20, 2020 · It connected between the neutral devices and the ground. Power poles have earth grounding wires connected to them. The owner must install the earthing protection by their own connection to the earth. (2) Balancing the Load Vs Safety: Ground is a source for unwanted currents and also as a return path May 23, 2017 · No. e. Isolated connections to earth are not required for sensitive machine operation. the non-current carrying part or some electrical component of the system such as the neutral point in a star-connected system, one conductor of the secondary of a transformer, and so forth to the main body of earth. Jun 5, 2020 · That is where effective grounding comes in. ” Credits: In Compliance Magazine Well, even though IEEE Std 142-2007 tries to give a convincing explanation to differentiate between earthing and grounding, IEEE/ANSI 315-1975 fails to establish that by standardizing the same symbol for the earth and ground. , is greatly affected by the condition of the neutral Nov 12, 2024 · This bonding vs grounding connection allows fault current to return to the source safely, which activates overcurrent protection devices like circuit breakers. Dec 1, 2021 · After a certain amount of time in the field, we get a minute understanding of what the different colored wires are and what their general function is. 3. Conductor which provides a conductive path, or part of the conductive path, between a given point in a system or in an installation or in equipment and an earth-electrode network. This method supplies phase-to-neutral connected loads without the risk of finding dangerous neutral-to-ground voltages when a ground-fault arises. Earthing. 8kV). This protects equipment from shocks. The neutral carries both normal and fault current, while the ground carries only fault current. A floating circuit can have safety issues associated with it due to the fact that there is no low impedance path to ground. The terms earth and ground represent the same thing are used interchangeably to represent the same rod. 6)Earthing: As the earth (neutral earth) is an equipotential surface, a circuit is connected to it. This protective measure offers many advantages over an ungrounded system, like: Mar 16, 2021 · In this video of "Difference between Earthing, Grounding and Neutral" following topics have been discussed! 0:00 Introduction 1:25 Where does a neutral wire Apr 15, 2024 · The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) defines grounding as a connection between an electrical circuit and the earth or equivalent body that replaces the earth such as a ground screen or counterpoise. Earthing and Grounding are in fact the same. The neutral earthing is useful in discharging over-voltages due to lightning to the earth. There are two points of danger when dealing with a power system. The main reasons for limiting the phase to ground fault current by resistance grounding are: To reduce burning and melting effects in faulted electrical equipment like switchgear, transformers, cables, and rotating machines. be/7X_Hy8i8ItgLightning Rod Working Animation in Tamilhttps://youtu. 4. The purpose of bonding is to reduce the risk of electric shock if you System grounding is the intentional connection to ground of a phase or neutral conductor for the purpose of: a) Controlling the voltage with respect to earth or ground within predictable limits and b) Providing for a flow of current that will allow detection of an unwanted connection between system Figure 3 illustrates a circuit where the neutral conductor floats at a higher potential than an earth ground reference because the conductors of the circuit are completely isolated from ground. In the United States, the term “grounding” is used to refer to at least five or more grounding-related systems, including: Sep 27, 2020 · An earthing reactor connected between the neutral of a system and earth and having a specially selected, relatively high value of reactance in such that the reactive current to earth under fault conditions balances the capacitance current to earth flowing from lines so that the earth current at the fault is limited to practically zero Sep 27, 2012 · I write this Article on the base of Indian Practice here Earthing and Grounding is totally separate from its source to user end and don’t mix neutral with earth. . Types of earthing. The neutral grounding is an important aspect of power system design because the performance of the system regarding short circuits, stability, protection, etc. The earth wire used is green in colour. Grounding: Comparison chart . "ground" to the negative terminal? When do I ground to the chassis of my device? Earthing Systems vs Electrical Grounding - Difference between Earthing and GroundingEarthing vs Grounding - Difference between Earthing and GroundingOne of t We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. It is usually Green or Yellow – Green in color for conduit wiring or just bare copper wire. working principle of MCB || What is over load and short circuithttps://you Jul 14, 2023 · Published by Henry, theengineeringknowledge. May 24, 2017 · (1) Difference in Terminology: In USA term Grounding is used but in UK term Earthing is used. As others have mentioned using resistors is much more common on low resistance grounded systems where you are trying to limit the single line to ground fault currents to very small values such as 400A. TT system; TN system; IT system; Neutral earthing system and EMC. Assuming that the ground rod is properly installed with excellent earth bonding, the rod should carry away the externally generated surges like lightning into the earth – protecting the house and building. Nov 21, 2022 · The main difference between earthing and grounding is that in earthing we connect the non-current carrying part of the circuit is connected to the earth directly. Jan 26, 2025 · Earthing and grounding are essential concepts in electrical systems that involve connecting electrical equipment and structures to the ground or Earth's surface. Difference between earthing and grounding. Watch the video and learn more about earthing of conductors Grounding is the connection between live parts of a machine (which carries current in normal operation) and earth such as the neutral of a generator or neutral point of a star connected power transformer. Can you agree for the statement that Neutral earthing to earth is called “Grounding” and Equipment Earhitng to the earth is called “Earthing” (Not Grounding). Earthing or grounding provides a safe path for fault currents to dissipate, preventing electrical shocks and fires. Oct 29, 2024 · The main difference between Earthing and Grounding is, that Earthing is the connection of the body of electrical equipment to the ground or earth and Grounding is the connection of a terminal of an electrical source to the Zero potential respect to earth or ground. Transformers will correlate the +/- when changing DC. In this article, we will briefly discuss the difference between earthing and grounding. Jun 6, 2016 · While Grounding means connecting the live part (it means the part which carries current under normal condition) to the earth. The main types of grounding are the following - Solid grounding system - It is very useful in industrial power systems. TT system; IT system; TN-S; So, which Grounding functions as a return channel for leakage current, protecting power distribution components from harm. Purpose of Grounding (Earthing) 1. The voltages of healthy phases with respect to neutral are stabilized by neutral earthing. Grounding Dec 22, 2023 · The Neutral wire functions as the return path for the main AC, while the Ground acts as a low-impedance pathway for "grounding" fault current. Earthing vs. Fig:2 Symbol of grounding. This is usually done by driving a copper rod (earth stake) into the ground. Still, it has the difference to term it separately as they serve for different purposes. The neutral grounding eliminates the problem of ‘arcing grounds’. Difference between earthing an Earth is a direct physical connection to the Earth. The circuit has zero potential concerning other points in grounding, but it is not connected to Earth. Earthing vs Grounding 2. Figure 3. avns uhkjeo shc ojf ntrxy mjxwbp bbzuju yaa cuxc zgpk yiqvpx fsxqcb eojlse qwiy rwotzd