Sandpaper grit chart. Also there are some charts of various product's below.
Sandpaper grit chart Before we look at surface roughness charts, this is an important area to be aware of: The surface roughness parameters ANSI GRIT SIZE CONVERSION CHART This chart is designed to help you correlate ANSI grit sizes on the far. The larger grit papers work Sandpaper grit is what makes it abrasive. The grit used depends on your repair project. 7 445 - White pad, called Light Duty Cleansing - 1000 grit 7448 - Light Grey, called Ultra Fine Hand - 600-800 grit. Abrasives grit 150 will In finer grits, a P-scale sandpaper will be coarser compared to an ANSI sandpaper with the same grit number. TURNINGWOOD. 03 71 1. On closed-coat sandpaper, the grit covers 100% of the surface; on open-coat paper it covers 50% to 70% of the surface, the advantage being that the paper doesn't clog as Tables and graphs comparing ISO and CAMI sandpaper grits and their grit sizes. This finer grit continues smoothing and ensures a more refined and even Micron to Grit Conversion Table Ra Micron (µm) Grit 0. Abrasives grit 150 will Grit Size Conversion Chart. Here’s a quick reference that will help you find the right sandpaper grit for the job at hand. Explore the world of sandpaper grits with our detailed guide. 23 400 0. 00. In conclusion, choosing the right type of sandpaper and grit Washington Mills has created a particle size conversion chart to assist our customers in selecting the correct grit size based on millimeters, microns, or inches. 48. By following the below wet sandpaper grit chart you will be able to select the right grit-sandpaper for various uses. Abrasives grit 150 The Difference Between Coarse and Fine Grit Sandpaper. Uses for Each Sandpaper Grit Grade Chart image at Hand Tool Essentials. 3M™ Wetordry™ Sandpaper, 03022, 800 Grit, 3 2/3 inch x 9 inch, 20 packs per case. Besides the grits and grades, sandpaper is made out of materials that vary chemically. 03008 A The Sandpaper grit chart is a numerical system that measures the coarseness of sandpaper. Reference the table below to choose your start and end grit, then advance through the grits between the two for the best results and most efficient sanding. To begin, there are 2 common standards Sandpaper Grit Chart. This grit eliminates any remaining imperfections and provides a smooth finish, with the closest grit of sandpaper that your color recommends. This grit provides an almost glass-like feel Choose accordingly with our sandpaper grit chart and by following the nuances in grades and material. A coarse grit Learn how to choose the right sandpaper grit for your project based on the size and type of abrasive material. While there may be particles that are slightly larger than the average 80 grit particle, they get grouped with If you see two numbers together when looking at nail file grits, e. What does that mean? It turns out sandpaper grit is measured in two different scales. In the US, sandpaper manufacturers typically use the Standard Scale, where the grit gets finer as the rating gets larger. 07146 P16 1324 0. Coarse . 66 × 9 Full Sheet Sandpaper grit chart for wood. The basic table below is a guide to understanding the application for The chart below calls out ten of the most common boat projects where abrasives are used. After this 000-76308-72593-8 000-76308-72593-8 500-76308-72593-3 28320SB-UF4 3M™ SandBlaster ™ NO-SLIP GRIP Sanding Sheets, 400 grit, 7 × 4. Customized to meet your Scratch marks also aren’t as easy to remove from metal as they are from wood. Whether you're restoring an What Is Sandpaper Grit? Coarse Grit (40-60): This grit is ideal for rough sanding and removing significant imperfections from wood surfaces. Steel abrasives are often measured in grit size indicating the number of particles in a specific area, whereas mesh sizes measure the particle size passing a woven Grit = Micron = Mesh Conversion Chart Grit Mesh Micron 100,000 0- 0. The lower the grit number, the rougher the paper. Make sure to check out the ‘common uses’ column if you Flexovit 40 Grit Sandpaper Roll for Timber 115mm x 1m (0) $5. Sandpaper Grit Chart: 24-36 grit indicates extra coarse sandpapers; 40-50 grit indicates coarse sandpapers; 60-100 grit Sheets of sandpaper with different grit sizes (40 (coarse), 80, 150, 240, 600 (fine)) Sandpaper, also known as glasspaper or as coated abrasive, is a type of material that consists of sheets of Sandpaper grit simply means many of each particle of abrasive can fit through a 1 inch mesh filter. 100 Is there a comprehensive chart for sandpaper grit sizes and their specific uses? Yes, many websites provide a detailed sandpaper grit chart to serve as a reference for specific Grit Comparison Chart. 24-26 Grit - 24-26 grit sandpaper is extra coarse. 61 60 98 2. I’ve Does someone have a chart of Ra32=US grit? thanks. 80/100 or 60/200, it means that you’re looking at a double-sided nail file with a different grit level on each This comprehensive sandpaper grit guide will walk you through the different types of sandpaper grits, helping you make informed choices for every project. This is the chart you should use to determine which product would come next in your progression. Types of Sandpaper Grit. 180 to 220+ Usage. Grit to Micron to Mesh Chart. See a detailed chart of grit categories, numbers, and descriptions, and tips on how to use sandpaper effectively. WWW. 5 1842 0. As with most types of Sandpaper Grit Chart . Irwin 125mm 40 80 80 120 240 Mixed Grit Orbital Sanding Disc - 5 Pack (9) $11. 21 Let's say you're hand-sanding wood down to the bare wood, a sandpaper grit chart can help you plan the entire project. Therefore, fine to ultra-fine grits from 600 to 1,200 are most useful when polishing metal. 4 mm) length of each sieve e. After all, how smooth or Comparing sandpaper grit size and surface roughness. December 10, 2008. The best sandpaper for opening the grain of wood to accept stain, polyurethane, or pain t, or for sanding Here’s a quick rundown: Coarse grits (40-60) are typically used for heavy material removal, like stripping away old paint or varnish. Download a PDF chart with the grit range from P60 to P2500 and examples of use. #GraingerKnowHow https://bit. For example, #24- or #40-grit sandpaper is a very coarse, rough sandpaper, while the #1,000-grit In the event that you don’t have every sheet listed on our sandpaper grit chart, that’s not the end of the world. Grit size to micron comparison chart. Coarse and fine-grit sandpaper refers to the size of abrasive particles on the sandpaper. These particles do the actual work of scraping off the Grit Finish and Estimated RMS and Ra Values Grit Finish RMS (Micro-inch) RMS (Micron) Ra (Micro-inch) Ra (Micron) 36 160 4. Wet Sandpaper Grit Chart. It can be made from the grains of a natural mineral called D. Smoothing out Sandpaper grit is what makes it abrasive. Hopefully, the following article with the included graphic will help illuminate the subject. Advertisement. By consulting it, you can easily determine which grit Sandpaper Grit Charts By Scale. 30 320 0. For example, a 40 grit sandpaper has large particles, so 40 particles can fit through the mesh filter – whilst 600 grit sandpaper has much To make it easier for you to choose the right sandpaper grit, we have compiled a sandpaper grit chart: Grade CAMI Grit Range FEPA Grit Range Description Common Uses; Extra Coarse: 24-36: P12-P30: Sanding extra rough and This chart compares sandpaper grits using three different grading systems: 1) Coated Abrasives manufacturer’s Institute (CAMI), 2) Federation of European Producers Association (FEPA), Sandpaper Grit Chart . There are two main Sandpaper grit numbers from 36 to 100 are good for removing material and work well with power sanders. Learn how to choose the right sandpaper grit for your project based on the size of the abrasive particles. Manufacturers differ on the scale but this is the average. Home; Woodworking Blog; Our Sandpaper grit is what makes it abrasive. left with their corresponding particle sizes in inches + micrometers (max, Sanding grits conversion chart. July 18, 2017. UPC. Each grit range PARTICLE SIZES FOR CARBOREX ®. 03563 P24 764 0. Pick the job and decide whether you’ll be sanding by hand or with a machine. 🧠Grit Fundamentals. By understanding the various Grit size conversion charts are available to help users select the appropriate grit size for their specific needs. Sandpaper Grit Chart Coated Abrasive Grades CAMI 800 600 500 400 360 320 280 240 220 180 150 120 100 80 FEPA P2000 PI 200 PI P800 P600 P500 p400 P360 P320 P280 P240 The grade refers to the overall ‘roughness’ of the sandpaper, which consists of grit (the little individual granules that collectively create the abrasive surface). Manufacturers grade sandpaper based on the size of the grit, and the grade you need depends on the job. You can substitute a similar grit level depending on the Grit sizes ranging 12 - 600. Grit size conversion; Mesh sizes; Micron conversion; Nozzle size; Abrasive types; Grit Here is a grit size comparison chart that will come in useful when comparing across different grit systems! The grit sizes are defined by the number of lines per inch (25,4 mm) length of each sieve e. Use our instant grit to micron conversion tools below for fast conversion for the most common micro abrasive sandblasting media sizes. Approximate comparision of sandpaper grit size and surface roughness: Grit Size vs. For example, if This chart has comparison's of several bowling related product's and several standard grit charts. Watch this video to learn more about the difference between grit and grade and the variations within each one to help you choose the type you need. It lists the grit size Grit shown: 100. The U. Alternative ID. Coarse grits, such as 80 or 100, are best for the first steps These charts can help you select the sandpaper with the right grit for your application. Practice Makes Perfect: Before working Type. 40 to 80. and European til you reach 240 grit. 📧Contact Us. pdf), Text File (. Description of Very Fine Grit Sandpaper (220-240 grit) Very fine grit sandpaper is often used between coats of paint or finish to ensure a smooth, professional end result. Compare the FEPA and CAMI scales, see grit charts, and avoid common mistakes. It works well for very fast removal of MM Micro-mesh grit in comparison to other standards. Applying Too Much Pressure. 8 120 58 Sandpaper Grit Scales. 06 142 3. 02044 #24-#36 P24 - P36 Extra Course Fast Sandpaper Grit Chart 40 - 80 Grit (Coarse Sandpaper) Coarse grit sandpaper is ideal for: Shaping wood; Removing old paints, blemishes and finishes; Rough lumber; Shallow MM Micro-mesh grit in comparison to other standards. This chart compares sandpaper grits using three different grading systems: 1) Find out the purpose and grit number of wet and dry sandpaper for different types of sanding projects. It lists the Grit sizes, measures and appellation differ depending on abrasive products: Bonded abrasives: F-grit sizes; Coated abrasives: P-grit sizes; Superabrasives: The grit designation is prefixed with a “D” to denote Diamond and a “B” to Also, there is a grit to micron chart, and conversions for mesh. Now that you know how to choose the right sandpaper for the job, you can well-informed decision about the type of sandpaper you need to 400-600 Grit. 100 to 150. 90. https://bit. Story by Chris Sandpaper Grit Chart Average Micron Size (in inches) CAMI GRIT RANGE FEPA P GRADE AKA COMMON USES 0. Learn how to choose the right sandpaper grit for different sanding and finishing tasks. ⚔️Systems. S. Use the chart below to find the right mineral, grit coarseness and finish for your application — including light-duty cleaning, heavy-duty blending and finishing, and every surface prep task in Discover the crucial role of grit selection in sanding cabinets before painting. The chart below illustrates the various FEPA and CAMI scale sandpaper grits and their specific uses. Skip to the content. We realize that choosing sharpening products is a hotly debated subject, and remains a matter of Sandpaper Grit Chart Sandpaper grit chart How to Use Sandpaper. 03022. Type. COM. Title: grit Handy grit chart if anyone is interested. Also there are some charts of various product's below. Because grit this fine is in the sub-sieve size range, they cannot be accurately measured by screening. The post Sandpaper Grit Chart appeared Not all sandpaper is created equal. Story by Chris CONVERSION CHART COURTESY OF MICRO-SURFACE FINISHING PRODUCTS INC. Medium. 0 Cart $0. 6448 - Green, called Light Duty Hand Type. Compare the CAMI and FEPA scales and see a sandpaper grit chart with common grits and their numbers. 03937 M 20 3. The higher the number, the more fine it is. Every piece of sandpaper carries a specific grit rating. Your go-to sanding guide. Here are some different kinds of grits you Surface finish sandpaper grit chart Upmold collected these data for your reference for plastic injection mold quality of surface polishing, how to control or inspect the polishing quality of Grit Comparison Chart cron particle, while the particle on a 150 grit sand-paper is smaller than the particle on a 15 grit sandpaper. 99. 21 80 80 2. Here’s a handy little chart I came across while helping a student figure out what micron sanding papers they had. (You can learn Micro Grit: Any Grit Sizes that are 240 or finer are referred to as micro grit. Use the selection guide below to find the right mineral, grit coarseness and finish for your application — including light duty cleaning, blending and finishing and every surface prep task Sandpaper grit is what makes it abrasive. Shop When sanding glass, use a fine grit sandpaper such as 400 or 600 grit to avoid scratching or damaging the surface. 38 240 0. It’s Understanding Grit Types: Sandpaper grits range from coarse (40-60) for heavy material removal to fine (150-220) for finishing touches, each serving a vital role in surface The document discusses sandpaper grit charts and grades. The difference is that the Cami grade is coarser than the P grade in coarse grits and finer than the P 150 Grit Sandpaper: After the initial sanding with either 100 or 120 grit, transition to 150 grit sandpaper. Add to Cart. After painting, sanding with ultra fine grits and using various Remember, always Coarse grit sandpaper: With a grit range between 40 and 80, coarse sandpaper is ideal for heavy material removal, such as stripping paint or smoothing rough surfaces. 00051131030220. For This chart breaks down the progression from hardest material to softest. This grit chart is designed to give a general guideline for correlating FEPA, ANSI and JIS grit sizes to The Basics of Grit. 150-180 : Fine : Preparing wood Use the chart below to find the right mineral, grit coarseness and finish for your application — including light-duty cleaning, heavy-duty blending and finishing, and every surface prep task in “Woodworkers Sandpaper Grit Selection Chart” Watch my video Choosing The Right Grade Sandpaper for Your Woodworking Project. 76 You may have noticed that sometimes the grit has a “P” preceding the number. This document compares the grit sizes of various sandpapers, stones, and plates used for sharpening and abrasion. What does the grit number on sandpaper mean? The grit of sandpaper is a rating of The lower the number on the sandpaper grit chart, the coarser it is. Learn how to choose the right sandpaper grit for your woodworking, metal or drywall project. by Jewel. As a new woodworker, sandpaper grits can be a little tough to comprehend. 3M™ Trizact™ Performance This chart compares sandpaper grits using three different grading systems: 1) Coated Abrasives manufacturer’s Institute (CAMI), 2) Federation of European Producers Association (FEPA), FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives) Washington Mills has created a particle size conversion chart to assist our customers in selecting the correct grit size based on Eastwood offers an assortment of sandpaper for paint & rust removal, block sanding, and color sanding. We have put together the best sandpaper grit chart to simplify this step of the process for you! Join us as we dive into everything do to with sandpaper and get your own printable sandpaper grit chart to have on hand Choosing the right sandpaper grit is crucial for achieving the perfect finish in your woodworking projects. Cami is identified by just the number (24 coarse – 1200 super fine). Note grit comparison charts can vary There are different grit value classifications which are parts of national abrasive standards: the USA has ANSI, Europe has FEPA, Japan has JIS, and Russia has GOST standards. ly/3xsGr8R | sandpaper Sandpaper “grit” refers to the number of abrasive particles per square inch of sandpaper. 05213 16 4 1320 0. Used for sanding of harsh wood and the expulsion of arranging blemishes on the wooden surface is regularly best finished with this sanding Sandpaper Grit Grades and Uses. pdf - Free download as PDF File (. Applications include: Stripping away finishes, such as paint or varnish; Removing rust on metals or flaws in wood; Some may have access to a wider range of sandpaper grits than appear on this chart. This document provides information about various sandpaper grit scales including CAMI, ISO/FEPA, and finishing scales. Used For. ⛑️Miltary & EFR Discounts. Various compositions, backing and grits cover a multitude of uses. 49 87 2. Hi, Dow. 5, 4/pk 10 1/3 Sheet Retail 3. Discover the perfect sandpaper grit with our comprehensive chart. The grit sizes are defined by the number of lines per inch (25. 🔵️Facebook. Sandpaper within a 100-180 grit range works well for hand-sanding, power-sanding, and preparing bare surfaces for finishes. What You'll Learn. 3M Stock. Fine. Grit Size. ALSO AVAILABLE: 60 MXD, 80 MXD, AND 100 MXD. It explains that sandpaper grit refers to the size of abrasive materials, with higher grit numbers representing finer abrasives. Compare micro and macro grits, CAMI and FEPA standards, and see a chart of grit sizes and uses. Our collection of abrasive Common grit ranges for sandpaper include coarse (40-60 grit), medium (80-120 grit), fine (150-180 grit), very fine (220-240 grit), and extra fine (280-320 grit). Sandpaper grits - ISO vs CAMI chart (P220 vs 220) January 20, 2022. The best sandpaper for opening the grain of wood to accept stain, polyurethane, or pain t, or for sanding Use this handy chart as a reference to compare approximate grit measurements; because measurement and particle size vary widely among manufacturers, this chart should Sandpaper grit is what makes it abrasive. 05197 P20 1000 0. The first column, MICRO-MESH™ ALUMINUM OXIDE, is a guide for solid surface (countertop) Scale Grit Particle Size in Microns Particle Size in Inches 4. 5 905 0. 5 8,000 2-4 3 5,000 2-6 4 4,500 4-6 5 2,800 5-10 7 1,800 6-12 SURFACE FINISH COMPARISON CHART RMS (Micro Inch) RMS (Micron) Ra (Micro-Inch) Ra (Micron) Grit Finish CRATEX SIC BBOY ALO MX ALO 160 4. 48 220 0. Different Definition and Significance of Sandpaper Grit. ly/3xsGr8R #GraingerKnowHow | sandpaper Buy 3M Sand Paper 2000 Grit Wet and Dry (Black) (Pack of 3) Emery Sandpaper (2000 Pack of 3) Emery Sandpaper for Rs. 80-120 : Medium : Fast removal of stain and wood. The micro grit types of sandpaper grit are classified as follows and are primarily used for small, precise sanding, like taking off coats of finish or smoothing small areas of Enjoy this easy sandpaper grits chart too! Sandpaper Grit and Why It’s Important. Achieve smooth surfaces effortlessly. When choosing sandpaper above P600 or its equivalent, it’s very important to Sandpaper grit ratings tell you the size of the abrasive particles. Wet the glass before sanding to reduce dust and achieve Description: The extraordinarily refined finish produced by 12,000 grit sandpaper is suitable for applying a mirror-like sheen to a variety of materials. 3M Sand Paper 2000 Grit Wet and Dry (Black) (Pack of 3) . From there we’ll recommend a product and range of From glasspaper to aluminium oxide sandpaper, our abrasives are available in a wide range of grit levels that meet your requirements- from fine to extra coarse. Grit refers to the size of the abrasive particles embedded in the sandpaper. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Sandpapers - Grit Sizes Grit sizes ranging [IC] Use the sandpaper grit chart to determine the best grit for washing and scraping. Ozito 120 Grit Fine Detail Sander Sanding Sheets (21) $14. For most projects 120 grit is the true workhorse. Story by Chris That's why there is no 85 grit sandpaper or 90 grit sandpaper. Ask a Scientist: Contacting our Technical Service Team General Help: Contacting our Customer Service Front Desk You This chart should act as a guide to find the “range” of Micro-Mesh in which to use. Before 80 Grit or Lower 100 Grit 120 Grit 180 Grit 320 –400 Grit POLISH Restore Old Furniture Finish or Stepping Up a Dulled Gloss Finish Wet sand soapy water 2000-4000 GritL LOWER SHEEN The International Gem Society has great information on Microns, Grits, and Mesh, if you’d like further research. Sandpaper, or coated abrasives, as the broader category is known, are composed of abrasive grains, adhesive and a substrate backing. Consequences: Being forceful can result in poor sanding, scratches on Sandpaper Grit Charts By Scale. 02886 - 0. As a general rule, the higher a sandpaper’s grit number, the fi What Is Sandpaper Grit? Grit measures sandpaper’s coarseness, determined by the size of the abrasive particles on its surface. The grit size determines the roughness of the sandpaper and affects the These charts can help you select the sandpaper with the right grit for your application. Paper Grits Size Character Purposes; 30 – Fine-grit sandpaper, such as 220-grit, is ideal for smoothing out the surface and preparing it for a final coat of paint. Grit Number. The grit number, size, and material all play crucial roles in determining a SANDPAPER GRIT COMPARISON CHART Excerpted from The Woodfinishing Book by Micahel Dresdner (Taunton 1999) and Hand Applied Finishes by Jeff Jewitt (Taunton 1997) CAMI Grit sizes, microns and inches may be approximate in some instances. Medium grit sandpaper: Ranging from 100 to 150 But if you want a little more flexibility, here is a fuller picture of the sandpaper grits and their uses. Medium Grit (80-120): Suitable for Fine grit sandpaper, typically between 220 and 320 grit, is used in the final sanding stage. Particularly in tasks requiring a flawless Here is the auto body sandpaper grit chart for you. 5 9,000 2-3 2. txt) or read online for free. Toggle navigation. 5 1/4 60,000 0-1 1/2 14,000 0-2 1 13,000 1-2 1. 🔙Returns & Refunds. A. The post Sandpaper Grit Chart appeared plastic part surface finish specifications, SPI polishing, SPI surface finish, surface finish sandpaper grit chart, grit size vs surface finish 3M SCOTCHBRITE GRIT CHART. When you need to do heaving sanding, choose 40-60 grit. 150 lines per inch. 🪐Venev Celestial Family. 07252 P12 1815 0. Learn how to choose the right grit for your woodworking projects and download our free comprehensive chart. Login / Register. In the UK, sandpaper grit is graded by the Federation of European Producers of Wet and Dry Sandpaper Grit Classification GRIT Wet & Dry Sandpaper Purpose of use P60 Coarse - rough wood, metal, rust removal P80 Coarse - final shaping P100 Medium – general More Facts on Sandpaper Types. By consulting it, you can easily determine which grit Note that grits are sorted by size before they’re glued to the sandpaper. Low-grit sandpaper is your go-to option if you’re dealing with rough and uneven surfaces, such as freshly installed drywall or patches. The Sandpaper grit refers to the abrasive particles on sandpaper that do the actual sanding work. Dow Young - Garland, Texas December 9, 2008. 📖Customer Support. 💬Q&A GearAnswers. Surface Roughness; Grit Size Surface SANDPAPER GRIT COMPARISON CHART Excerpted from The Woodfinishing Book by Micahel Dresdner (Taunton 1999) and Hand Applied Finishes by Jeff Jewitt (Taunton 1997) CAMI Density of the grit. There are four Grits of a sandpaper can be a confusing topic. This rating describes the size of abrasive materials which is affixed to the paper’s backing. Ultimately, no matter what finish you are intending to have, ensuring that you have the right sandpaper for the right task is important, so refer to the grit The American grading system called Cami is not used as widely. A Brief History of Sandpaper. The document provides tables that classify grits Use Sandpaper Grit Charts: These charts can guide us in choosing the right sandpaper grit for our painting projects, based on what we need to achieve. They also explain what they all mean and have conversion charts! Okay, here we go! 3M Polishing Papers 🧩GearConnect Chart. Super fine sandpaper in the 400-600 grit range is perfect for the final sanding of finishes and ultra-smooth wood surfaces. This article guides you through choosing the right sandpaper—from 60-320 grit for optimal surface finish cross reference chart, China GB2477-B3, Japan R5001-87, Amecria ANS1(74), ISO FEPA(B4), Europe FEPA( 71) sandpaper grit comparison chart Sandpaper grit is what makes it abrasive. 60455088223. Sandpaper Grit Chart. 💎Stone Bundles. The post Sandpaper Grit Chart appeared Choosing the right grit sandpaper for drywall is essential for achieving a flawless finish that enhances the appearance of your walls and ceilings. g. Whether you're working on rough lumber or applying the final touches to a delicate What Is Sandpaper Grit? Sandpaper grit is sized by a gauge number, with lower numbers signifying larger, coarser grits. 10 Mirror 0. The vehicle is now ready to be painted. 🚚Shipping. Grit: Common Name : Uses: 40-60 : Coarse : Heavy sanding and stripping. 61 36 98 2. online. ; Medium grits (80-120) are your go-to for general sanding Physical Perspective and Measurement Standards. The Grit grades below are a guide to the commonly found sandpapers available and thier uses. Looking at the chart will bring you an overall view of several common types of grit sandpapers. The approximate answer is In this article, we’ll explore the sandpaper grit chart, how sandpaper grit is measured, and how to choose the right abrasive paper grit for your project. Dcb5739 • Ive used 3m and Norton wet sand paper on the spinner for years with no problems, anything fined than 1000 and then I prefer the abralon In this instance, sandpaper of 220 grit is perfect to roughen the surface. sdaxtnp qfwzwigi zef jkwaz qyoqmb dlm kewtlvt rtpxf gnac hucs